![]() Low blood pressure with or without orthostatic hypotension (blood pressure that decreases with standing).On physical examination, these clinical signs may be noticed: Loss or irregularity of menstrual cycle.Less common but still occurring: malnutrition and muscle wasting.These skin changes are not encountered in secondary and tertiary hypoadrenalism. Hyperpigmentation of the skin may be seen, particularly when the person lives in a sunny area, as well as darkening of the palmar crease, sites of friction, recent scars, the vermilion border of the lips, and genital skin. Some people have cravings for salty foods due to the loss of sodium through their urine. ![]() Symptoms may include fatigue, muscle weakness, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, lightheadedness upon standing, irritability, depression, and diarrhea. The symptoms of Addison's disease generally develop gradually. Hyperpigmentation as seen in a woman with Addison's disease The adjective "addisonian" is used to describe features of the condition, as well as people with Addison's disease. It is named after Thomas Addison, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, who first described the condition in 1855. Long-term outcomes with treatment are typically favorable. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is more prevalent. It occurs most frequently in middle-aged females. Īddison's disease affects about 9 to 14 per 100,000 people in the developed world. Without treatment, an adrenal crisis can result in death. Often, large amounts of intravenous fluids with the sugar dextrose are also required. If symptoms worsen, an injection of corticosteroid is recommended and people should carry a dose with them. A high-salt diet may also be useful in some people. Lifelong, continuous steroid replacement therapy is required, with regular follow-up treatment and monitoring for other health problems. These medications are usually taken by mouth. This involves taking a synthetic corticosteroid, such as hydrocortisone or fludrocortisone. Treatment involves replacing the absent hormones. Īddison's disease can be described in association with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, acquired hypoparathyroidism, diabetes mellitus, pernicious anemia, hypogonadism, chronic and active hepatitis, malabsorption, immunoglobulin abnormalities, alopecia, vitiligo, spontaneous myxedema, Graves' disease, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Addison's disease is generally diagnosed by blood tests, urine tests, and medical imaging. Despite this distinction, adrenal crises can happen in all forms of adrenal insufficiency. ![]() Secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by not enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (produced by the pituitary gland) or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (produced by the hypothalamus). Other causes include certain medications, sepsis, and bleeding into both adrenal glands. In developed countries, the etiology of Addison's disease is often attributed to idiopathic damage by the body's own immune system, and in developing countries most often due to tuberculosis. Īddison's disease arises from problems with the adrenal gland such that not enough of the steroid hormone cortisol and possibly aldosterone are produced. An adrenal crisis can be triggered by stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection. Rapid onset of symptoms indicates acute adrenal failure which is a serious and emergent condition. Under certain circumstances, an adrenal crisis may occur with low blood pressure, vomiting, lower back pain, and loss of consciousness. Darkening of the skin in certain areas may also occur. Symptoms generally come on slowly and insidiously and may include abdominal pain and gastrointestinal abnormalities, weakness, and weight loss. Synthetic Corticosteroid such as hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone Ġ.9–1.4 per 10,000 people (developed world) Īddison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare long-term endocrine disorder characterized by inadequate production of the steroid hormones cortisol and aldosterone by the two outer layers of the cells of the adrenal glands ( adrenal cortex), causing adrenal insufficiency. Addison disease, primary adrenal insufficiency, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, chronic adrenal insufficiency, chronic adrenocortical insufficiency, primary hypocorticalism, primary hypocortisolism, primary hypoadrenocorticism, primary hypocorticism, primary hypoadrenalismĭarkening of the skin seen on the legs of a patient with an excess of melanin.Ībdominal pain, weakness, weight loss, darkening of the skin īlood tests, urine tests, medical imaging
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